Epictetus

Philosopher

Stoic philosopher whose teachings survive in the Discourses, Fragments, and Handbook. His main concerns included integrity, self-rule, and personal freedom.

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic thinker. He studied with Musonius Rufus and later made a school at Nicopolis. [2]

His main concerns included integrity, self-rule, and personal freedom. [2]

The text needs care. Epictetus did not write the Discourses as we have them. Arrian wrote down his talks. The short Handbook cuts down the full work. [2]

Trust Epictetus as an old source on self-command. Do not treat him as proof of how firms work. He did not study teams, pay, or modern firms. His value is the old case itself. The held Oxford book gives his main works in Robin Hard’s translation. [1]

1
Epictetus, Discourses, Fragments, Handbook, trans. Robin Hard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
2
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Epictetus,” revised July 16, 2025.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epictetus/